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Related Articles Early behavioral and metabolomic change after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury in the developing brain. Neurochem Int. 2018 Aug 09;120:75-86 Authors: Chitturi J, Li Y, Santhakumar V, Kannurpatti SS Abstract Pathophysiology of developmental traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unique due to intrinsic differences in the developing brain. Energy metabolic studies of the brain during early development (P13 to P30) have indicated acute oxidative energy metabolic decreases below 24 h after TBI, which generally recovered by 48 h. However, marked neurodegeneration and altered neural functional connectivity have been observed at later stages into adolescence. As secondary neurodegeneration is most prominent during the first week after TBI in the rat model, we hypothesized that the subacute TBI-metabolome may contain predictive markers of neurodegeneration. Sham and TBI metabolomes were examined at 72 h after a mild to moderate intensity TBI in male Sprague-Dawley rats aged P31. Sensorimotor behavior was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h after injury, followed by 72-hour postmortem brain removal for metabolomics using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) measurement. Broad TBI-induced metabolomic shifts occurred with relatively higher intensity in the injury-lateralized (ipsilateral) hemisphere. Intensity of metabolomic perturbation correlated with the extent of sensorimotor behavioral deficit. N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) levels at 72 h after TBI, predicted the extent of neurodegeneration assessed histochemically 7-days post TBI. Results from the multivariate untargeted approach clearly distinguished metabolomic shifts induced by TBI. Several pathways including amino acid, fatty acid and energy metabolism continued to be affected at 72 h after TBI, whose collective effects may determine the overall pathological response after TBI in early development including neurodegeneration. PMID: 30098378 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Metabotypes Related to Meat and Vegetable Intake Reflect Microbial, Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism in Healthy People. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018 Aug 11;:e1800583 Authors: Wei R, Ross AB, Su M, Wang J, Guiraud SP, Draper CF, Beaumont M, Jia W, Martin FP Abstract SCOPE: The objective of this study was to develop a new methodology to identify the relationship between dietary patterns and metabolites indicative of food intake and metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS: Plasma and urine samples from healthy Swiss subjects (n = 89) collected over two time points were analyzed for a panel of host-microbial metabolites using gas chromatography- and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dietary intake was evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Dietary pattern clusters and relationships with metabolites were determined using Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NNMF) and Sparse Generalized Canonical Correlation Analysis (SGCCA). Use of NNMF allowed detection of latent diet clusters in this population, which described a high intake of meat or vegetables. SGCCA associated these clusters to (i) diet-host microbial and lipid associated bile acid metabolism, and (ii) essential amino acid metabolism. CONCLUSION: This novel application of NNMF and SGCCA allowed detection of distinct metabotypes for meat and vegetable dietary patterns in a heterogeneous population. As many of the metabolites associated with meat or vegetable intake are the result of host-microbiota interactions, the results support a role for microbiota mediating the metabolic imprinting of different dietary choices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. PMID: 30098305 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles NAD(P)HX repair deficiency causes central metabolic perturbations in yeast and human cells. FEBS J. 2018 Aug 11;: Authors: Becker-Kettern J, Paczia N, Conrotte JF, Zhu C, Fiehn O, Jung PP, Steinmetz LM, Linster CL Abstract NADHX and NADPHX are hydrated and redox inactive forms of the NADH and NADPH cofactors, known to inhibit several dehydrogenases in vitro. A metabolite repair system that is conserved in all domains of life and that comprises the two enzymes NAD(P)HX dehydratase and NAD(P)HX epimerase, allows reconversion of both the S- and R-epimers of NADHX and NADPHX to the normal cofactors. An inherited deficiency in this system has recently been shown to cause severe neurometabolic disease in children. Although evidence for the presence of NAD(P)HX has been obtained in plant and human cells, little is known about the mechanism of formation of these derivatives in vivo and their potential effects on cell metabolism. Here, we show that NAD(P)HX dehydratase deficiency in yeast leads to an important, temperature-dependent NADHX accumulation in quiescent cells with a concomitant depletion of intracellular NAD+ and serine pools. We demonstrate that NADHX potently inhibits the first step of the serine synthesis pathway in yeast. Human cells deficient in the NAD(P)HX dehydratase also accumulated NADHX and showed decreased viability. In addition, those cells consumed more glucose and produced more lactate, potentially indicating impaired mitochondrial function. Our results provide first insights into how NADHX accumulation affects cellular functions and pave the way for a better understanding of the mechanism(s) underlying the rapid and severe neurodegeneration leading to early death in NADHX repair deficient children. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. PMID: 30098110 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Assays for NAD+-Dependent Reactions and NAD+ Metabolites. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1813:77-90 Authors: Schultz MB, Lu Y, Braidy N, Sinclair DA Abstract Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential redox cofactor and signaling molecule that controls the activity of enzymes involved in metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular survival, such as the PARPs, CD38, and the sirtuins. Here, we describe three methods for measuring the activity of these enzymes: the etheno-NAD+ assay measures NAD+ hydrolase activity using an NAD+ analog to produce a fluorescent product that is measured in real time; the PNC1 assay converts a native product of NAD+ hydrolysis, nicotinamide, into a quantitative fluorescent readout; and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is used to characterize the entire NAD+ metabolome in a sample. These methods will enable new insights into the roles that NAD+ and the enzymes that utilize it play in health and disease. PMID: 30097862 [PubMed - in process]

Related Articles Characterization of oil-producing yeast Lipomyces starkeyi on glycerol carbon source based on metabolomics and 13C-labeling. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018 Aug 10;: Authors: Maruyama Y, Toya Y, Kurokawa H, Fukano Y, Sato A, Umemura H, Yamada K, Iwasaki H, Tobori N, Shimizu H Abstract Lipomyces starkeyi is an oil-producing yeast that can produce triacylglycerol (TAG) from glycerol as a carbon source. The TAG was mainly produced after nitrogen depletion alongside reduced cell proliferation. To obtain clues for enhancing the TAG production, cell metabolism during the TAG-producing phase was characterized by metabolomics with 13C labeling. The turnover analysis showed that the time constants of intermediates from glycerol to pyruvate (Pyr) were large, whereas those of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates were much smaller than that of Pyr. Surprisingly, the time constants of intermediates in gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway were large, suggesting that a large amount of the uptaken glycerol was metabolized via the PP pathway. To synthesize fatty acids that make up TAG from acetyl-CoA (AcCoA), 14 molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) per C16 fatty acid molecule are required. Because the oxidative PP pathway generates NADPH, this pathway would contribute to supply NADPH for fatty acid synthesis. To confirm that the oxidative PP pathway can supply the NADPH required for TAG production, flux analysis was conducted based on the measured specific rates and mass balances. Flux analysis revealed that the NADPH necessary for TAG production was supplied by metabolizing 48.2% of the uptaken glycerol through gluconeogenesis and the PP pathway. This result was consistent with the result of the 13C-labeling experiment. Furthermore, comparison of the actual flux distribution with the ideal flux distribution for TAG production suggested that it is necessary to flow more dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP) through gluconeogenesis to improve TAG yield. PMID: 30097695 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Integrative analysis of fitness and metabolic effects of plasmids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. ISME J. 2018 Aug 10;: Authors: San Millan A, Toll-Riera M, Qi Q, Betts A, Hopkinson RJ, McCullagh J, MacLean RC Abstract Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mediated by the spread of plasmids fuels evolution in prokaryotes. Although plasmids provide bacteria with new adaptive genes, they also produce physiological alterations that often translate into a reduction in bacterial fitness. The fitness costs associated with plasmids represent an important limit to plasmid maintenance in bacterial communities, but their molecular origins remain largely unknown. In this work, we combine phenomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics to study the fitness effects produced by a collection of diverse plasmids in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Using this approach, we scan the physiological changes imposed by plasmids and test the generality of some main mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the cost of HGT, including increased biosynthetic burden, reduced translational efficiency, and impaired chromosomal replication. Our results suggest that the fitness effects of plasmids have a complex origin, since none of these mechanisms could individually provide a general explanation for the cost of plasmid carriage. Interestingly, our results also showed that plasmids alter the expression of a common set of metabolic genes in PAO1, and produce convergent changes in host cell metabolism. These surprising results suggest that there is a common metabolic response to plasmids in P. aeruginosa PAO1. PMID: 30097663 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Tissue metabolite profiles for the characterisation of paediatric cerebellar tumours. Sci Rep. 2018 Aug 10;8(1):11992 Authors: Bennett CD, Kohe SE, Gill SK, Davies NP, Wilson M, Storer LCD, Ritzmann T, Paine SML, Scott IS, Nicklaus-Wollenteit I, Tennant DA, Grundy RG, Peet AC Abstract Paediatric brain tumors are becoming well characterized due to large genomic and epigenomic studies. Metabolomics is a powerful analytical approach aiding in the characterization of tumors. This study shows that common cerebellar tumors have metabolite profiles sufficiently different to build accurate, robust diagnostic classifiers, and that the metabolite profiles can be used to assess differences in metabolism between the tumors. Tissue metabolite profiles were obtained from cerebellar ependymoma (n = 18), medulloblastoma (n = 36), pilocytic astrocytoma (n = 24) and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (n = 5) samples using HR-MAS. Quantified metabolites accurately discriminated the tumors; classification accuracies were 94% for ependymoma and medulloblastoma and 92% for pilocytic astrocytoma. Using current intraoperative examination the diagnostic accuracy was 72% for ependymoma, 90% for medulloblastoma and 89% for pilocytic astrocytoma. Elevated myo-inositol was characteristic of ependymoma whilst high taurine, phosphocholine and glycine distinguished medulloblastoma. Glutamine, hypotaurine and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) were increased in pilocytic astrocytoma. High lipids, phosphocholine and glutathione were important for separating ATRTs from medulloblastomas. This study demonstrates the ability of metabolic profiling by HR-MAS on small biopsy tissue samples to characterize these tumors. Analysis of tissue metabolite profiles has advantages in terms of minimal tissue pre-processing, short data acquisition time giving the potential to be used as part of a rapid diagnostic work-up. PMID: 30097636 [PubMed - in process]

Related Articles Elevated ecto-5'-nucleotidase: a missing pathogenic factor and new therapeutic target for sickle cell disease. Blood Adv. 2018 Aug 14;2(15):1957-1968 Authors: Liu H, Adebiyi M, Liu RR, Song A, Manalo J, Wen YE, Wen AQ, Weng T, Ko J, Idowu M, Kellems RE, Eltzschig HK, Blackburn MR, Juneja HS, Xia Y Abstract Although excessive plasma adenosine is detrimental in sickle cell disease (SCD), the molecular mechanism underlying elevated circulating adenosine remains unclear. Here we report that the activity of soluble CD73, an ectonucleotidase producing extracellular adenosine, was significantly elevated in a murine model of SCD and correlated with increased plasma adenosine. Mouse genetic studies demonstrated that CD73 activity contributes to excessive induction of plasma adenosine and thereby promotes sickling, hemolysis, multiorgan damage, and disease progression. Mechanistically, we showed that erythrocyte adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was activated both in SCD patients and in the murine model of SCD. AMPK functions downstream of adenosine receptor ADORA2B signaling and contributes to sickling by regulating the production of erythrocyte 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), a negative allosteric regulator of hemoglobin-O2 binding affinity. Preclinically, we reported that treatment of α,β-methylene adenosine 5'-diphosphate, a potent CD73 specific inhibitor, significantly decreased sickling, hemolysis, multiorgan damage, and disease progression in the murine model of SCD. Taken together, both human and mouse studies reveal a novel molecular mechanism contributing to the pathophysiology of SCD and identify potential therapeutic strategies to treat SCD. PMID: 30097462 [PubMed - in process]

Related Articles Application of Electronic-Nose Technologies and VOC-Biomarkers for the Noninvasive Early Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Diseases †. Sensors (Basel). 2018 Aug 09;18(8): Authors: Wilson AD Abstract Conventional methods utilized for clinical diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases have employed invasive medical procedures that cause stress, anxiety and pain to patients. These methods are often expensive, time-consuming, and require sophisticated chemical-analysis instruments and advanced modeling procedures to achieve diagnostic interpretations. This paper reviews recent applications of simpler, electronic-nose (e-nose) devices for the noninvasive early diagnosis of a wide range of GI diseases by collective analysis of headspace volatile organic compound (VOC)-metabolites from clinical samples to produce disease-specific aroma signatures (VOC profiles). A different "metabolomics" approach to GI disease diagnostics, involving identifications and quantifications of disease VOC-metabolites, are compared to the electronic-nose approach based on diagnostic costs, accuracy, advantages and disadvantages. The importance of changes in gut microbiome composition that result from disease are discussed relative to effects on disease detection. A new diagnostic approach, which combines the use of e-nose instruments for early rapid prophylactic disease-screenings with targeted identification of known disease biomarkers, is proposed to yield cheaper, quicker and more dependable diagnostic results. Some priority future research needs and coordination for bringing e-nose instruments into routine clinical practice are summarized. PMID: 30096939 [PubMed - in process]

Related Articles Nontargeted Metabolomics for Phenolic and Polyhydroxy Compounds Profile of Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Products Based on LC-MS/MS Analysis. Molecules. 2018 Aug 09;23(8): Authors: Gu F, Wu G, Fang Y, Zhu H Abstract In the present study, nontargeted metabolomics was used to screen the phenolic and polyhydroxy compounds in pepper products. A total of 186 phenolic and polyhydroxy compounds, including anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, catechin derivatives, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, isoflavones and 3-O-p-coumaroyl quinic acid O-hexoside, quinic acid (polyhydroxy compounds), etc. For the selected 50 types of phenolic compound, except malvidin 3,5-diglucoside (malvin), l-epicatechin and 4'-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavanone, other compound contents were present in high contents in freeze-dried pepper berries, and pinocembrin was relatively abundant in two kinds of pepper products. The score plots of principal component analysis indicated that the pepper samples can be classified into four groups on the basis of the type pepper processing. This study provided a comprehensive profile of the phenolic and polyhydroxy compounds of different pepper products and partly clarified the factors responsible for different metabolite profiles in ongoing studies and the changes of phenolic compounds for the browning mechanism of black pepper. PMID: 30096911 [PubMed - in process]

21 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. Click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results: metabolomics These pubmed results were generated on 2018/08/11PubMed comprises more than millions of citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

21 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. Click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results: metabolomics These pubmed results were generated on 2018/08/11PubMed comprises more than millions of citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

16 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. Click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results: metabolomics These pubmed results were generated on 2018/08/10PubMed comprises more than millions of citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

16 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. Click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results: metabolomics These pubmed results were generated on 2018/08/10PubMed comprises more than millions of citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

Related Articles Characteristics of Colon-Derived Uremic Solutes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018 Aug 07;: Authors: Mair RD, Sirich TL, Plummer NS, Meyer TW Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Colon microbial metabolism produces solutes that are normally excreted in the urine and accumulate in the plasma when the kidneys fail. This study sought to further identify and characterize human colon-derived uremic solutes. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Colon-derived solutes normally excreted in the urine were identified by comparing urine from controls (n=17) and patients with total colectomies (n=12), using an established metabolomic platform. Colon-derived solutes that accumulate in kidney failure were then identified by comparing the plasma of the control patients with that of patients on dialysis (n=14). RESULTS: Ninety-one urinary solutes were classified as colon-derived on the basis of the finding of a urine excretion rate at least four-fold higher in control patients than in patients with total colectomies. Forty-six were solutes with known chemical structure, 35 of which had not previously been identified as colon-derived. Sixty of the colon-derived solutes accumulated in the plasma of patients with ESKD to a degree greater than urea and were therefore classified as uremic. The estimated urinary clearance for 27 out of the 32 colon-derived solutes for which clearance could be calculated exceeded that of creatinine, consistent with tubular secretion. Sulfatase treatment revealed that 42 out of the 91 colon-derived solutes detected were likely conjugates. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolomic analysis identified numerous colon-derived solutes that are normally excreted in human urine. Clearance by tubular secretion limits plasma levels of many colon-derived solutes. PMID: 30087103 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Gut-Derived Metabolites and Chronic Kidney Disease: The Forest (F)or the Trees? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018 Aug 07;: Authors: Vanholder R, Glorieux G PMID: 30087101 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Identification of Lysophosphatidylcholines and Sphingolipids as Potential Biomarkers for Acute Aortic Dissection via Serum Metabolomics. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2018 Aug 04;: Authors: Zhou X, Wang R, Zhang T, Liu F, Zhang W, Wang G, Gu G, Han Q, Xu D, Yao C, Guo D, Fu W, Qi Y, Wang L Abstract OBJECTIVES: Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a severe clinical emergency with a high mortality, and is easily misdiagnosed in its early stage. This study aimed at discovering serum metabolomic markers with the potential to diagnose AAD and distinguish between two subtypes of AAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients with AAD, including 20 with Stanford type A and 15 with Stanford type B were enrolled in this study, together with 20 healthy controls. All patients with AAD were admitted within 72 h of onset. Serum metabolomics profiles were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the data were analysed by principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis. RESULTS: A total of 17 metabolites differing between the control and AAD groups were finally screened and identified as lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) and sphingolipids including sphinganine, phytosphingosine, sphingomyelin, and ceramide. Compared with those in the healthy control group, LPC levels were significantly lower in both the Stanford type A and type B AAD groups. Interestingly, sphingolipids, including sphinganine, phytosphingosine, and ceramide, were remarkably reduced in the Stanford type A AAD group, but not in the Stanford type B AAD group. Subgroup analysis showed that the changes in LPC and sphingolipid levels were unrelated to hypertension or gender. CONCLUSIONS: The present results indicate that LPCs and sphingolipids are significantly altered in patients with AAD, and several sphingolipids, such as sphinganine, phytosphingosine, and ceramide, were dramatically decreased in patients with Stanford type A AAD. A combination of these two families of metabolites could serve as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of AAD and distinguishing between Stanford type A and Stanford type B. PMID: 30087010 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Metabolomics data fusion between near infrared spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry: A synergetic approach to boost performance or induce confusion. Talanta. 2018 Nov 01;189:641-648 Authors: Dai S, Lin Z, Xu B, Wang Y, Shi X, Qiao Y, Zhang J Abstract In general, data fusion can improve the classification performance of the model, but little attention is paid to the influence of the data fusion on the spatial distribution of the modeling samples. In this paper, the effect of data fusion on sample spatial distribution was studied through integrating NIR data and UHPLC-HRMS data for sulfur-fumigated Chinese herb medicine. Twelve samples collected from four different geographical origins were sulfur fumigated in the lab, and then metabolomics analysis was conducted using NIR and UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. First of all, the discriminating power of each technique was respectively examined based on PCA analysis. Secondly, combining NIR and UHPLC-HRMS data sets together with or without variable selection was parallelly compared. The results demonstrated that the discriminable ability was remarkably improved after data fusion, indicating data fusion could visualize variable selection and enhance group separation. Samples in the margin between two classes of samples may increase the experience error but has positive effect on the separation direction. Besides, an interesting feature extraction could obtain better discriminable effect than common data fusion. This study firstly provided a new path to employ a comprehensive analytical approach for discriminating SF Chinese herb medicines to simultaneously benefit from the advantages of several technologies. PMID: 30086971 [PubMed - in process]

Related Articles Preparation of attapulgite nanoparticles-based hybrid monolithic column with covalent bond for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Talanta. 2018 Nov 01;189:397-403 Authors: Chai M, Chen Y, Xuan R, Ma J, Wang T, Qiu D, Zhang L, Zhang Y Abstract In current study, an attapulgite nanoparticles-based hybrid monolith was prepared by crosslinking 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate modified attapulgite nanoparticles with acrylamide and N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide. The crosslinking of attapulgite into the hybrid monolithic matrix has notable increased the column efficiency of adenosine comparing with the neat one without attapulgite. The resulting hybrid monoliths showed good permeability and good mechanical stability. It was further applied for separation of polar compounds by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). The key factors affecting the separation efficiency of the developed hybrid monoliths (i.e. acetonitrile content, salt concentration and pH in the mobile phase) have been completely investigated. The column efficiency was up to 147,613 plates/m for the HILIC separation of aspirin. Good repeatability of retention time was achieved, with relative standard deviations for run-to-run (n = 3), column-to-column (n = 3) and batch-to-batch (n = 3) in the range of 1.08-1.45%, 2.44-3.41% and 2.15-4.96%, respectively. We propose that the attapulgite nanoparticles-based hybrid monolith would provide a promising stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. PMID: 30086938 [PubMed - in process]

Related Articles Lipidomic profiling reveals free fatty acid alterations in plasma from patients with atrial fibrillation. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0196709 Authors: Jung Y, Cho Y, Kim N, Oh IY, Kang SW, Choi EK, Hwang GS Abstract Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. One method used to restore sinus rhythm is direct current cardioversion (DCCV). Despite the high success rate of DCCV, AF typically recurs within the first 2 weeks. However, our understanding of the pathophysiology of AF recurrence, incidence, and progression are highly limited. Lipidomic profiling was applied to identify altered lipids in plasma from patients with AF using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis revealed a clear separation between AF patients and healthy controls. The levels of several lipid species, including fatty acids and phospholipids, were different between AF patients and healthy controls, indicating that oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with the pathogenesis of AF. Similar patterns were also detected between recurrent and non-recurrent AF patients. These results suggest that the elevated saturated fatty acid and reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in AF patients may be associated with enhanced inflammation and that free fatty acid levels may play a crucial role in the development and progression of AF. PMID: 29723222 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]