PubMed

Physiological and metabolomic analysis of Punica granatum (L.) under drought stress. Planta. 2015 Oct 9; Authors: Catola S, Marino G, Emiliani G, Huseynova T, Musayev M, Akparov Z, Maserti BE Abstract MAIN CONCLUSION: Punica granatum has a noticeable adaptation to drought stress. The levels of the green leaf volatile trans-2-hexenal increased in response to drought stress suggesting a possible role of this compound in drought stress response in pomegranate. Punica granatum (L.) is a highly valued fruit crop for its health-promoting effects and it is mainly cultivated in semi-arid areas. Thus, understanding the response mechanisms to drought stress is of great importance. In the present research, a metabolomics analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of drought stress on volatile organic compounds extracted from the leaves of pomegranate plants grown under water shortage conditions. The time course experiment (7 days of water deprivation and 24-h recovery) consisted of three treatments (control, drought stress, and rehydration of drought-stressed plants). Plant weights were recorded and control plants were irrigated daily at pot capacity to provide the lost water. Fraction of transpirable soil water has been evaluated as indicator of soil water availability in stressed plants. The levels of proline, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation as well as of the photosynthetic parameters such as photosynthesis rate (A), stomatal conductance (g s), photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II, and photochemical quenching were monitored after the imposition of drought stress and recovery as markers of plant stress. Constitutive carbon volatile components were analyzed in the leaf of control and drought-stressed leaves using Head Space Solid Phase Micro Extraction sampling coupled with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. A total of 12 volatile compounds were found in pomegranate leaf profiles, mainly aldehydes, alcohols, and organic acids. Among them, the trans-2-hexenal showed a significant increase in water-stressed and recovered leaves respect to the well-watered ones. These data evidence a possible role of the oxylipin pathway in the response to water stress in pomegranate plants. PMID: 26452697 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Lowered circulating aspartate is a metabolic feature of human breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2015 Oct 1; Authors: Xie G, Zhou B, Zhao A, Qiu Y, Zhao X, Garmire L, Shvetsov YB, Yu H, Yen Y, Jia W Abstract Distinct metabolic transformation is essential for cancer cells to sustain a high rate of proliferation and resist cell death signals. Such a metabolic transformation results in unique cellular metabolic phenotypes that are often reflected by distinct metabolite signatures in tumor tissues as well as circulating blood. Using a metabolomics platform, we find that breast cancer is associated with significantly (p = 6.27E-13) lowered plasma aspartate levels in a training group comprising 35 breast cancer patients and 35 controls. The result was validated with 103 plasma samples and 183 serum samples of two groups of primary breast cancer patients. Such a lowered aspartate level is specific to breast cancer as it has shown 0% sensitivity in serum from gastric (n = 114) and colorectal (n = 101) cancer patients. There was a significantly higher level of aspartate in breast cancer tissues (n = 20) than in adjacent non-tumor tissues, and in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line than in MCF-10A cell lines, suggesting that the depleted level of aspartate in blood of breast cancer patients is due to increased tumor aspartate utilization. Together, these findings suggest that lowed circulating aspartate is a key metabolic feature of human breast cancer. PMID: 26452258 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Symptomatic migration of a Kirschner wire into the spinal canal without spinal cord injury: case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015 Oct 9;:1-4 Authors: Minić L, Lepić M, Novaković N, Mandić-Rajčević S Abstract The migration of Kirschner wires (K-wires) is a rare but significant complication of osteosynthesis interventions, and numerous cases of wire migrations have been reported in the literature. Nevertheless, migration into the spinal canal is very rare, with only 10 cases reported thus far. The authors present a case of K-wire migration into the spinal canal, together with a review of the relevant literature. A 30-year-old male who had suffered a right clavicle fracture in a motorcycle accident was treated with 2 K-wires. Four months after the initial fixation, while he was lifting his child, he experienced short-term pain in his back, numbness in all 4 extremities, followed by a spontaneous decrease in numbness affecting only the ulnar nerve dermatomes bilaterally, and a persistent headache. No urinary incontinence was present. Simple radiography studies of the cervical spine revealed a wire in the spinal canal, penetrating the T-2 foramen and reaching the contralateral foramen of the same vertebra. Computerized tomography showed the wire positioned in front of the spinal cord. Surgery for wire extraction was performed with the patient under general anesthesia, and he experienced relief of the symptoms immediately after surgery. This case is unique because the wire caused no damage to the spinal cord but did cause compression-related symptomatology and headache, which have not been reported in osteosynthesis wire migration to the thoracic region. PMID: 26451668 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles An integrated metabolomics workflow for the quantification of sulfur pathway intermediates employing thiol protection with N-ethyl maleimide and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst. 2015 Oct 9; Authors: Ortmayr K, Schwaiger M, Hann S, Koellensperger G Abstract The sulfur metabolic pathway is involved in basic modes of cellular metabolism, including methylation, cell division, respiratory oscillations and stress responses. Hence, the implicated high reactivity of the sulfur pathway intermediates entails challenges for their quantitative analysis. In particular the unwanted oxidation of the thiol group-containing metabolites glutathione, cysteine, homocysteine, γ-glutamyl cysteine and cysteinyl glycine must be prevented in order to obtain accurate snapshots of this important part of cellular metabolism. Suitable analytical methodologies are therefore needed to support studies of drug metabolism and metabolic engineering. In this work, a novel sample preparation strategy targeting thiolic metabolites was established by implementing thiol group protection with N-ethyl maleimide using a cold methanol metabolite extraction procedure. It was shown that N-ethyl maleimide derivatization is compatible with typical metabolite extraction procedures and also allowed for the stabilization of the instable thiolic metabolites in a fully (13)C-labeled yeast cell extract. The stable isotope labeled metabolite analogs could be used for internal standardization to achieve metabolite quantification with high precision. Furthermore, a dedicated hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the separation of sulfur metabolic pathway intermediates using a sub-2 μm particle size stationary phase was developed. Coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, the presented methodology proved to be robust, and sensitive (absolute detection limits in the low femtomole range), and allowed for the quantification of cysteine, cysteinyl glycine, cystathionine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamyl cysteine, reduced glutathione, glutathione disulfide, homocysteine, methionine, S-adenosyl homocysteine and serine in a human ovarian carcinoma cell model. PMID: 26451393 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Trial Watch: Adoptive cell transfer for oncological indications. Oncoimmunology. 2015 Nov;4(11):e1046673 Authors: Aranda F, Buqué A, Bloy N, Castoldi F, Eggermont A, Cremer I, Fridman WH, Fucikova J, Galon J, Spisek R, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L Abstract One particular paradigm of anticancer immunotherapy relies on the administration of (potentially) tumor-reactive immune effector cells. Generally, these cells are obtained from autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) ex vivo (in the context of appropriate expansion, activation and targeting protocols), and re-infused into lymphodepleted patients along with immunostimulatory agents. In spite of the consistent progress achieved throughout the past two decades in this field, no adoptive cell transfer (ACT)-based immunotherapeutic regimen is currently approved by regulatory agencies for use in cancer patients. Nonetheless, the interest of oncologists in ACT-based immunotherapy continues to increase. Accumulating clinical evidence indicates indeed that specific paradigms of ACT, such as the infusion of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing autologous T cells, are associated with elevated rates of durable responses in patients affected by various neoplasms. In line with this notion, clinical trials investigating the safety and therapeutic activity of ACT in cancer patients are being initiated at an ever increasing pace. Here, we review recent preclinical and clinical advances in the development of ACT-based immunotherapy for oncological indications. PMID: 26451319 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Natural killer cell mediated immunosurveillance of pediatric neuroblastoma. Oncoimmunology. 2015 Nov;4(11):e1042202 Authors: Semeraro M, Rusakiewicz S, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G Abstract Until recently, the pathophysiological impact of natural killer (NK) lymphocytes has been largely elusive. Capitalizing on our previous discovery that NK cells mediate immunosurveillance against gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), we have now investigated the potential influence of immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive isoforms of the NK receptor NKp30 on the fate of infants with neuroblastoma. In three independent cohorts of high-risk neuroblastoma, we observed a similar prognostic impact of the ratio of immunostimulatory vs. immunosuppressive NKp30 isoforms. Patients with high-risk neuroblastoma that are in remission after induction chemotherapy have a higher risk of relapse if their circulating and bone marrow NK cells express the preponderantly immunosuppressive NKp30 C isoform, as determined by a robust RT-PCR-based assay. We also found that neuroblastoma cells express the NKp30 ligand B7-H6, which can be shed from the tumor cells. Elevated soluble B7-H6 levels contained in patient sera inhibited NK functions in vitro and correlated with downregulation of NK-p30 on NK cells, as well as with bone marrow metastasis and chemoresistance. Altogether, these results support the contention that NK cells play a decisive role in the immunosurveillance of neuroblastoma. In light of these results, efforts should be undertaken to investigate NK cell functions in all major cancer types, with the obvious expectation of identifying additional NK cell-related prognostic or predictive biomarkers and improving NK cell based immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer. PMID: 26451315 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Does inorganic nitrate say NO to obesity by browning white adipose tissue? Adipocyte. 2015 Oct-Dec;4(4):311-4 Authors: Roberts LD Abstract The dietary constituent inorganic nitrate, found in large concentrations in green leafy vegetables, has beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. Contemporary studies employing nitrate have demonstrated that the anion has anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties; however the nitrate-mediated mechanisms for improving metabolic health remain unclear. Recently, we employed a combined histological, metabolomics, and transcriptional and protein analysis approach to establish that nitrate promoted the "browning" of white adipose tissue via the xanthine oxidoreductase catalyzed reductive nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway. Interestingly, it was observed that nitrate-stimulated brown adipose-associated gene expression in white adipose tissue was augmented in hypoxia. These findings not only suggest that protection from metabolic disease offered by vegetable consumption may, in part, be mediated through the effects of nitrate on white adipose tissue, but also, since hypoxia is a serious co-morbidity affecting adipose tissue in obese individuals, that nitrate may be effective in promoting the browning of adipose tissue to improve metabolic fitness. PMID: 26451288 [PubMed]

Related Articles Rikkunshito Ameliorates Cancer Cachexia Partly through Elevation of Glucarate in Plasma. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:871832 Authors: Ohbuchi K, Nishiumi S, Fujitsuka N, Hattori T, Yamamoto M, Inui A, Azuma T, Yoshida M Abstract Cancer cachexia, which is characterized by decreased food intake, weight loss and systemic inflammation, increases patient's morbidity and mortality. We previously showed that rikkunshito (RKT), a Japanese traditional herbal medicine (Kampo), ameliorated the symptoms of cancer cachexia through ghrelin signaling-dependent and independent pathways. To investigate other mechanisms of RKT action in cancer cachexia, we performed metabolome analysis of plasma in a rat model bearing the Yoshida AH-130 hepatoma. A total of 110 metabolites were detected in plasma and RKT treatment significantly altered levels of 23 of those metabolites in cachexia model rats. Among them, glucarate, which is known to have anticarcinogenic activity through detoxification of carcinogens via inhibition of β-glucuronidase, was increased in plasma following administration of RKT. In our AH-130 ascites-induced cachexia rat model, administration of glucarate delayed onset of weight loss, improved muscle atrophy, and reduced ascites content. Additionally, glucarate reduced levels of plasma interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in tumor-bearing rats and was also found to suppress LPS-induced IFN-γ expression in splenocytes in vitro. These results suggest that glucarate has anti-inflammatory activity via a direct effect on immune host cells and suggest that RKT may also ameliorate inflammation partly through the elevation of glucarate in plasma. PMID: 26451159 [PubMed]

Related Articles Developmental and metabolic plasticity of white-skinned grape berries in response to Botrytis cinerea during noble rot. Plant Physiol. 2015 Oct 8; Authors: Blanco-Ulate B, Amrine KC, Collins TS, Rivero RM, Vicente AR, Morales-Cruz A, Doyle CL, Ye Z, Allen G, Heymann H, Ebeler SS, Cantu D Abstract Noble rot results from exceptional infections of ripe grape (Vitis vinifera) berries by Botrytis cinerea. Unlike bunch rot, noble rot promotes favorable changes in grape berries and accumulation of secondary metabolites that enhance wine grape composition. Noble rot-infected berries of Sémillon, a white-skinned variety, were collected over three years from a commercial vineyard at the same time fruit were harvested for botrytized wine production. Using an integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics approach, we demonstrate that noble rot alters the metabolism of Sémillon berries by inducing biotic and abiotic stress responses as well as ripening processes. During noble rot, Botrytis induced the expression of key regulators of ripening-associated pathways, some of which are distinctive to normal ripening of red-skinned cultivars. Enhancement of phenylpropanoid metabolism, characterized by a restricted flux in white-skinned berries, was a common outcome of noble rot and red-skinned berry ripening. Transcript and metabolite analyses together with enzymatic assays determined that the biosynthesis of anthocyanins is a consistent hallmark of noble rot in Sémillon berries. The biosynthesis of terpenes and fatty acid aroma precursors also increased during noble rot. We finally characterized the impact of noble rot in botrytized wines. Altogether the results of this work demonstrate that noble rot causes a major reprogramming of berry development and metabolism. This desirable interaction between a fruit and a fungus stimulates pathways otherwise inactive in white-skinned berries, leading to greater accumulation of compounds involved in the unique flavor and aroma of botrytized wines. PMID: 26450706 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Urine metabolomics of women from small villages exposed to high environmental cadmium levels. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2015 Oct 9; Authors: Xu Y, Wang J, Liang X, Gao Y, Chen W, Huang Q, Liang C, Tang L, Yang X Abstract This study aimed to identify urine metabolites in women exposed to high cadmium levels. 21 women exposed to environmental Cd and 12 age-matched controls were categorized as high (Urine Cd ≥ 15 µg/g creatinine [Cr]) (n = 9) or low (15 µg/g Cr > UCd > 5 µg/g Cr) (n = 12) exposure. Low molecular weight metabolites in urine were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry after derivatization. An orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model was constructed, and metabolites from the dimensional model were selected according to the variable importance in projection (VIP > 1). Metabolites differing significantly in abundance between different exposure groups were identified by searching mass spectral databases, and related pathways were analyzed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Around 110 significantly different metabolites were detected with VIP > 1 and 48 of them were found to markedly differ in abundance among the three groups. 27 matched with known metabolites, including 22 significantly increased and 5 markedly decreased in the high exposure group (p < 0.01). KEGG results indicated that carbohydrate, amino acid, bone and intestinal flora metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were affected by cadmium exposure. This study identified metabolites that differed in abundance in response to Cd exposure. Further studies may connect these biomarkers to early damages caused by Cd. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. PMID: 26450519 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Feasibility of Metabolomics Analysis of Dialysate Effluents from Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Equilibration Testing. Perit Dial Int. 2015 9-10;35(5):590-592 Authors: Csaicsich D, Lichtenauer AM, Vychytil A, Kasper DC, Herzog R, Aufricht C, Kratochwill K PMID: 26450481 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Metabolomics investigation of recombinant mTNFα production in Streptomyces lividans. Microb Cell Fact. 2015;14(1):157 Authors: Muhamadali H, Xu Y, Ellis DI, Trivedi DK, Rattray NJ, Bernaerts K, Goodacre R Abstract BACKGROUND: Whilst undergoing differentiation, Streptomyces produce a large quantity of hydrolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites, and it is this very ability that has focussed increasing interest on the use of these bacteria as hosts for the production of various heterologous proteins. However, within this genus, the exploration and understanding of the metabolic burden associated with such bio-products has only just begun. In this study our overall aim was to apply metabolomics approaches as tools to get a glimpse of the metabolic alterations within S. lividans TK24 when this industrially relevant microbe is producing recombinant murine tumour necrosis factor alpha (mTNFα), in comparison to wild type and empty (non-recombinant protein containing) plasmid-carrying strains as controls. RESULTS: Whilst growth profiles of all strains demonstrated comparable trends, principal component-discriminant function analysis of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral data, showed clear separation of wild type from empty plasmid and mTNFα-producing strains, throughout the time course of incubation. Analysis of intra- and extra-cellular metabolic profiles using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) displayed similar trends to the FT-IR data. Although the strain carrying the empty plasmid demonstrated metabolic changes due to the maintenance of the plasmid, the metabolic behaviour of the recombinant mTNFα-producing strain appeared to be the most significantly affected. GC-MS results also demonstrated a significant overflow of several organic acids (pyruvate, 2-ketoglutarate and propanoate) and sugars (xylitol, mannose and fructose) in the mTNFα-producing strain. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in this study have clearly demonstrated the metabolic impacts of producing mTNFα in S. lividans TK24, while displaying profound metabolic effects of harbouring the empty PIJ486 plasmid. In addition, the level of mTNFα produced in this study, further highlights the key role of media composition towards the efficiency of a bioprocess and metabolic behaviour of the host cells, which directly influences the yield of the recombinant product. PMID: 26449894 [PubMed - in process]

Related Articles A Metabolome-Wide Association Study of Kidney Function and Disease in the General Population. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Oct 8; Authors: Sekula P, Goek ON, Quaye L, Barrios C, Levey AS, Römisch-Margl W, Menni C, Yet I, Gieger C, Inker LA, Adamski J, Gronwald W, Illig T, Dettmer K, Krumsiek J, Oefner PJ, Valdes AM, Meisinger C, Coresh J, Spector TD, Mohney RP, Suhre K, Kastenmüller G, Köttgen A Abstract Small molecules are extensively metabolized and cleared by the kidney. Changes in serum metabolite concentrations may result from impaired kidney function and can be used to estimate filtration (e.g., the established marker creatinine) or may precede and potentially contribute to CKD development. Here, we applied a nontargeted metabolomics approach using gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to quantify 493 small molecules in human serum. The associations of these molecules with GFR estimated on the basis of creatinine (eGFRcr) and cystatin C levels were assessed in ≤1735 participants in the KORA F4 study, followed by replication in 1164 individuals in the TwinsUK registry. After correction for multiple testing, 54 replicated metabolites significantly associated with eGFRcr, and six of these showed pairwise correlation (r≥0.50) with established kidney function measures: C-mannosyltryptophan, pseudouridine, N-acetylalanine, erythronate, myo-inositol, and N-acetylcarnosine. Higher C-mannosyltryptophan, pseudouridine, and O-sulfo-L-tyrosine concentrations associated with incident CKD (eGFRcr <60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)) in the KORA F4 study. In contrast with serum creatinine, C-mannosyltryptophan and pseudouridine concentrations showed little dependence on sex. Furthermore, correlation with measured GFR in 200 participants in the AASK study was 0.78 for both C-mannosyltryptophan and pseudouridine concentration, and highly significant associations of both metabolites with incident ESRD disappeared upon adjustment for measured GFR. Thus, these molecules may be alternative or complementary markers of kidney function. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive list of kidney function-associated metabolites and highlights potential novel filtration markers that may help to improve the estimation of GFR. PMID: 26449609 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Based Biomarkers in the Field of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Oct;94(40):e1541 Authors: Xu H, Zheng X, Jia W, Yin S Abstract Biomarker assessment is based on quantifying several proteins and metabolites. Recent developments in proteomics and metabolomics have enabled detection of these small molecules in biological samples and exploration of the underlying disease mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This systemic review was performed to identify biomarkers, which were only detected by chromatography and/or mass spectrometry (MS) and to discuss the role of these biomarkers in the field of OSA.We systemically reviewed relevant articles from PubMed and EMBASE referring to proteins and metabolite profiles of biological samples in patients with OSA. The analytical platforms in this review were focused on chromatography and/or MS.In total, 30 studies evaluating biomarkers in patients with OSA using chromatography and/or MS methods were included. Numerous proteins and metabolites, including lipid profiles, adrenergic/dopaminergic biomarkers and derivatives, amino acids, oxidative stress biomarkers, and other micromolecules were identified in patients with OSA.Applying chromatography and/or MS methods to detect biomarkers helps develop an understanding of OSA mechanisms. More proteomic and metabolomic studies are warranted to develop potential diagnostic and clinical monitoring methods for OSA. PMID: 26448002 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

The Use of Genomics and Pathway Analysis in Our Understanding and Prediction of Clinical Renal Transplant Injury. Transplantation. 2015 Oct 8; Authors: Menon MC, Keung KL, Murphy B, OʼConnell PJ Abstract The development and application of high-throughput molecular profiling have transformed the study of human diseases. The problem of handling large, complex data sets has been facilitated by advances in complex computational analysis. In this review, the recent literature regarding the application of transcriptional genomic information to renal transplantation, with specific reference to acute rejection, acute kidney injury in allografts, chronic allograft injury, and tolerance is discussed, as is the current published data regarding other "omics" strategies-proteomics, metabolomics, and the microRNA transcriptome. These data have shed new light on our understanding of the pathogenesis of specific disease conditions after renal transplantation, but their utility as a biomarker of disease has been hampered by study design and sample size. This review aims to highlight the opportunities and obstacles that exist with genomics and other related technologies to better understand and predict renal allograft outcome. PMID: 26447506 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Analytical methodology for metabolomics study of adherent mammalian cells using NMR, GC-MS and LC-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2015 Oct 7; Authors: Madji Hounoum B, Blasco H, Nadal-Desbarats L, Diémé B, Montigny F, Andres CR, Emond P, Mavel S Abstract We developed a methodology for the analysis of intracellular metabolites using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR), gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The main steps for analysis of adherent cells in order to recover the widest possible range of intracellular compounds are blocking metabolic activity by quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites. We explored three protocols to quench NSC-34 cell metabolism and four different extraction methods, analyzed by NMR. On the basis of the number of metabolites extracted and their relative standard deviation (RSD) analyzed by NMR, the most reproducible protocol [quenching by MeOH at -40 °C and extraction with CH2Cl2/MeOH/H2O (3:3:2)] was used to obtain intracellular media to be analyzed by GC-MS and LC-HRMS. GC-MS analysis was optimized by three oximation procedures followed by silylation derivatization and these were compared to silylation alone. Using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (C18), four different gradients for LC-MS were compared. The analytical protocols were determined to establish the reliability and suitability of sample treatments required to achieve the correct biological analysis of untargeted mammalian cell metabolomics. PMID: 26446897 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Salivary metabolomics in the diagnosis of oral cancer and periodontal diseases. J Periodontal Res. 2015 Oct 8; Authors: Mikkonen JJ, Singh SP, Herrala M, Lappalainen R, Myllymaa S, Kullaa AM Abstract Metabolomics is a systemic study of metabolites, which are small molecules generated by the process of metabolism. The metabolic profile of saliva can provide an early outlook of the changes associated with a wide range of diseases, including oral cancer and periodontal diseases. It is possible to measure levels of disease-specific metabolites using different methods as presented in this study. However, many challenges exist including incomplete understanding of the complicated metabolic pathways of different oral diseases. The review concludes with the discussion on future perspectives of salivary metabolomics from a clinician point of view. Salivary metabolomics may afford a new research avenue to identify local and systemic disorders but also to aid in the design and modification of therapies. A MEDLINE search using keywords "salivary metabolomics" returned 23 results in total, of which seven were omitted for being reviews or letters to the editor. The rest of the articles were used for preparation of the review, 13 of these were published in the last 5 years. PMID: 26446036 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related Articles Lipidomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid by mass spectrometry-based methods. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2015 Jan;38(1):53-64 Authors: Colsch B, Seyer A, Boudah S, Junot C Abstract Lipids are natural substances found in all living organisms. Essential to the integrity of cell membranes, they also have many biological functions linked to energy storage and cell signaling, and are involved in a large number of heterogeneous diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders, and inherited metabolic diseases. Lipids are challenging to analyze because of their huge structural diversity and numerous species. Up to now, lipid analysis has been achieved by targeted approaches focusing on selected families and relying on extraction protocols and chromatographic methods coupled to various detectors including mass spectrometry. Thanks to the technological improvements achieved in the fields of chromatography, high-resolution mass spectrometry and bioinformatics, it is possible to perform global lipidomic analyses enabling the concomitant detection, identification and relative quantification of many lipid species belonging to different families. The aim of this review is to focus on mass spectrometry-based methods to perform lipid and lipidomic analyses and on their application to the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. PMID: 25488626 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Related Articles Principles and practice of lipidomics. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2015 Jan;38(1):41-52 Authors: Vaz FM, Pras-Raves M, Bootsma AH, van Kampen AH Abstract The technical advances in mass spectrometry, particularly the development of (ultra)-high-resolution/mass accuracy measurement capabilities in combination with refinement of soft ionization techniques, have increased the application and success of lipidomics to answer biological questions in relation to lipid metabolism. Together with other omics technologies, lipidomics has become an important tool to practice systems biology as lipids comprise a very significant part of the metabolome and play pleiotropic roles in cellular functions. As an increasing number of disorders are linked to lipid metabolism, lipidomics is used to search for biomarkers, understand disease mechanism and follow the efficacy of therapeutic options. This review provides a first introduction to the major methodological strategies currently used for mass spectrometry-based lipidomics and associated data pre-processing and analysis. PMID: 25409862 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Related Articles Insights into the pathophysiology of catch-up compared with non-catch-up growth in children born small for gestational age: an integrated analysis of metabolic and transcriptomic data. Pharmacogenomics J. 2014 Aug;14(4):376-84 Authors: Stevens A, Bonshek C, Whatmore A, Butcher I, Hanson D, De Leonibus C, Shaikh G, Brown M, O'Shea E, Victor S, Powell P, Settle P, Padmakumar B, Tan A, Odeka E, Cooper C, Birch J, Shenoy A, Westwood M, Patel L, Dunn BW, Clayton P Abstract Small for gestational age (SGA) children exhibiting catch-up (CU) growth have a greater risk of cardiometabolic diseases in later life compared with non-catch-up (NCU) SGA children. The aim of this study was to establish differences in metabolism and gene expression profiles between CU and NCU at age 4-9 years. CU children (n=22) had greater height, weight and body mass index standard deviation scores along with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and fasting glucose levels but lower adiponectin values than NCU children (n=11; all P<0.05). Metabolic profiling demonstrated a fourfold decrease of urine myo-inositol in CU compared with NCU (P<0.05). There were 1558 genes differentially expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells between the groups (P<0.05). Integrated analysis of data identified myo-inositol related to gene clusters associated with an increase in insulin, growth factor and IGF-I signalling in CU children (P<0.05). Metabolic and transcriptomic profiles in CU SGA children showed changes that may relate to cardiometabolic risk. PMID: 24614687 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]